Coyotes Kill Fawns and Pets

Coyote’s Kill Deer

Another deer season is coming to a close, only a few more days of muzzleloader season remain. For us in Maine, that north of Augusta, the search for deer continues. There are just no deer, especially downeast. Oh yes there are a few pockets here and there, but overall deer have disappeared.

Camp talk goes from spraying to loss of winter yards to coyotes. In the daily travels we find plenty of food and bud tips, but no deer.

In the few days we had snow the crew hunted hard around Chick, Jellison Mountain and Molly Road. What we tracks we did find, within a few steps we also found coyote tracks running or following the deer. Snow makes things quiet and reduces the deer’s ability to smell, especially during the storm with whirling winds.

I’ve often thought that coyotes are a major cause of our deer problem or lack of fawn survival which is critical to our deer herd recovery.

Do bounties and award programs work, while they may not eliminate coyotes they certainly would reduce or hold their numbers in balance and allow recovery of the deer? According to tagging reports only about 2,000 coyotes are harvested annually in Maine.

Fawn survival is the critical part of the equation. So beside’s the wolf, what else is reducing our fawn survival? Bear and bobcat? Studies have shown that while bear and cat may have impact on fawns in May and June, it is not near the level as the coyote. It should also be noted that bear and cat were roaming the woods when downeast was the deer capital of Maine.

Then I picked up this month’s issue of the American Hunter and there was an article by Patrick Durkin on how Coyotes Affect Deer Herds. The article was talking about studies in Eastern and Southern States, states including South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama to name a few. Reports are showing that more that 74% of fawns may die before they are six weeks old, with coyotes likely responsible. Have coyotes learned to identify doe behavior when fawns are nearby, enough to learn to pack up and search out the fawn? Has our fawn survival done from 2 fawns to say 3 does to more like one fawn to twenty eight does? If so where does this leave the State of Maine and our deer herd?

The time has come for a reward and bounty system, at least enough to cover the cost of gasoline for hunters and trappers. We need more hounds man running the coyote and more guides performing predator calling. I’ve heard calls that bear are the problem, I just don’t see the evidence that a few bears have destroyed region after region of deer.

It is also time to take some of the Lynx funds and collar deer and study the impact of coyote on fawn mortality. IFW has not in any fashion been proactive in protecting and preserving our deer herd from the threat of coyotes! Why? The issue always comes back to funding, our license costs are up and sales are down – why, no deer, no hunters. But we continue to spend thousands to allow wardens to perform duties not related to their mission or purpose. The calls are coming for consolidation and budget cuts – heck if wardens want to be a state trooper, swat member or local law officer then maybe it is time for consolidation.

SAM might want to explore the labor work records and see how many hours a year the warden spends in a deer yard reducing coyote numbers or perform animal control to reduce their numbers. It is also reported that as part of the Lynx study coyotes are captured, collared and released!

The coyote is a killer and top of the predator line that is now established in Maine. Wolf’s once roamed the Eastern range, having a large territory and harvesting a variety of foods. But without the wolf, coyotes spread east quickly in the early 1900’s and established themselves as the leader.

Studies also show another chain reaction. Wolf’s won’t tolerate a coyote; the coyote won’t tolerate fox, fisher, marten or bobcat. In fact coyote compete with the fisher, cat, fox, lynx and marten for the same small game such as rabbit, squirrel, frogs and deer.

Being so concerned about Lynx, which have been in Maine since early time, we should be concerned about how the coyote is affecting the Lynx recovery but removing the food so critical to the Lynx survival! Maybe a federal grant is available to help recover the Lynx by removing the coyote.

Cold Weather - Beaver Trappers in High Gear

The cold weather puts beaver trappers into high gear. While open water trapping provides many opportunities, the ice makes remote bogs and pond more accessible when searching for Maine’s largest rodent.

IFW works to ensure a balance between the ecological role of beaver in wetlands, the desire of landowners to limit damage to crops and roads, fisheries in rearing of trout and allowing recreational opportunities for trappers. The number of beaver state wide is increasing and the need for removal of nuisance beavers continues to increase as the department has cut back its animal damage control program because of funding shortfalls. Thus landowners are taking on more responsibility and costs in removing nuisance beaver.

I live in an area with a number of trappers, including myself. Yet on the state route we have resident population of beaver that seems never ending. I am pretty sure they work their way from Bradley via Blackman Stream to Chemo Pond to Sibley and Trout brook. These waterways flow through a number of backyards and public roads. A resident on Route 180 enjoins the services of animal control on a regular basis to keep the road, pasture and drive open. It seems that this family of critters likes to construct its dam under the signal lane bridge, weaving mud and sticks into the top decking. On a number of occasions, as live trap removal of the colony, Zach and I will assist the owner and remove the dam. Yet within weeks another group arrives and starts the process again.

The average price of Beaver over the last ten years has been running $14 - $25 per pelt. The harvest data for the same period has ranged from 7809 to around 12,000 annually, with a season of harvest from November to April.

There are a number of facts in limited harvest, low prices, high gasoline costs, poor ice conditions and weather conditions.

IFW has been working hard to encourage more trapping of beaver to lower damage and nuisance issues, while some of these measures have provided more interest, it hasn’t been enough to reduce nuisance complaints. It wasn’t long ago that wardens were called to “blow” the dam and remove the problem beaver. Again those days are done, because of time and money…I might buy the money issue, but not the time issue of the warden, but back on track to trapping.

Fisheries science and trout rearing also play into the trapping and removal of beaver. We have all fished a beaver flowage for a few nice trout and that is just about what happens, a few nice trout. Trout require a gravel bottom in running cool water to spawn and hatch eggs. Once the dam is built and creates the impoundment, trout do grow because of the increased feed, but they can’t sustain the population in future years due to the loss of spawning redds. Thus fisheries in most cases like to see brooks and streams remain free of obstructions.

Large beaver dams also create a threat to towns from dam wash out in heavy spring rains. Historical data has shown a number of cases with damage from the eight foot dam wash out.

Beaver create channels in the mud/gravel from the house or bank home the “feed bed” and fed areas. The backed up water may on be a few inches deep, but the beaver cut a channel a few feet deep in the bottom to sneak in to the feed areas. This allows the beaver to remain under water and protected from attack. Beaver is a favorite meal to bear, wolf, cougar and coyote (wonder if we have wolf and cougar in Maine?) in the state. However most of taking by bear is incidental or in the spring when bear are out of den and beaver kits are just starting to explore the nursery.
The use of beaver is not just for the use of the fur; in fact beaver is one of the most utilized animals in the country. The tails are considered a delicacy for food; the meat is utilized as general food which is high in protein or for dog supplement. The teeth, claws and skull is sought for medicines and crafts, overall the beaver is completely utilized.

Most common method of trapping beaver is by use of the conibear instant kill trap called a 330. The conibear is like a large mouse trap that is either baited or placed in a run, again much like a mouse trap. Other method includes using underwater snares and pole traps. The average price of a 330 conibear is $18-20 per trap.

IFW, paper companies and towns maintain lists of nuisance beaver locations and encourage local trappers to remove problem beavers. While this is a great place to start we need to scout areas beyond the local waters and move to the headwaters. Many of the nuisance beavers are juvenile’s that have dispersed from the main colony.

There are special laws pertaining to beaver trapping, some of which regulate trap size, must be 10 feet from the house or den, five feet from a dam and four feet from another trap, traps must be labeled and tended.

So we have found our flowage that we wish to trap and a channel that runs away from the house. We need to set the trap at least ten feet from the house (there is a special method for measuring distance from the house on ice – go figure) and at least four feet from another trapper. Thus we should set a trap at ten feet and fourteen feet. This pushes the next trapper back to at least eighteen feet from the house. Notice this puts trappers on a first come first serve when trapping.

I prefer to use conibear, placed in fence style. This means cutting a trench in the ice across the brook or channel and putting sticks to create a guide toward the trap area. The trap is wired onto two poles with cross braces. I not only label the trap, but write my name on the top of the pole and wire a tag. This saves another inspector or warden from having to chisel the ice and remove the trap to inspect the tag.

The trap is lowered into the channel, using care to insure no accidental spring, just like setting the mouse trap.

Setting a 330 trap is no easy chore, nor do you want to have it snap back on your arm. There are safety built into the trap to avoid this but on occasion snaps happen.

I recall venturing out on thin ice at Buzzy Brook in search of a few beaver. In tending the trap, I cut the inspection hole. The inspection hole is cut to check the trap and saves opening a full trench if not needed. I water was dark and murky and I couldn’t clearly see, so like a fool I reached into the water thinking I was feeling in front of the trap for fur, when SNAP, now my arm was locked in the 330. Ever tried to chisel ice one handed, with your other hand underwater. The next step was attempting to remove the trap one handed, which failed so I had to drive into Old Town and have a friend open the trap so I could get my arm back. I wasn’t dumb enough to inspect 330’s with my hands again.

My beaver trapping extends now for the kids who have junior trapping licenses and enjoy working the ice holes and building the fences, they also enjoy the extra spending dollars for the holidays.

Traps are checked on a regular basis and fur removed. Once out of the water the beaver are rolled in snow to soak up the water and protect the pelt. The removal of a trapped beaver is like taking a mouse out of the glue trap. The trench must be opened by chisel or chain saw (no bar oil) and the fence removed. However as winter progress and ice thickens, the saw bar will not reach and the hole is opened by hand.

Once you have gathered your fur, there are two choices, put the fur up yourself (preferred method) or sell the beaver in the round. Most trappers work their own fur, skinning and fleshing the pelt. Pelts are sold individually to a fur buyer or at auction. I remember selling fur to the likes of Pomery, Gould and Mowatt Fur. In fact one of the oldest and wisest fur buyers in Maine is Mr. Stevens who once worked for the famed Mowatt Fur Company. His prices are fair and stories priceless.

Trapping supplies are available at Cronks, Maine Military and a few local dealers.

Wolf Case

I received a request to find the article and offical report on the last wolf harvested in Maine. As I mentioned we had watched this animal and one other for over a year prior to it being taken. I am having the offical IFW report that I obtained under the freedom of informatin act scanned. But below is one of the articles published by the BDN regarding the 81 pound confirmed wolf.

Signs Suggest a Return Of Timber Wolf to Maine
Published: December 22, 1996 BDN
ELLSWORTH, Me., Dec. 21 — The caller told the game warden, Debbie Palman, that he had killed a very large coyote, but when Mrs. Palman saw the animal she knew right away that it was something else.

The big chest, long body, large head and the weight -- almost 82 pounds, more than twice that of the average coyote -- and other markings appeared to identify the animal as a timber wolf or a wolf hybrid.

Its presence on remote timber land several miles north of here in a sparsely populated part of northeastern Maine has fueled speculation about whether timber wolves are migrating down from Canada, more than a century after they disappeared from the state.

If genetic tests under way at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's forensic laboratory in Oregon determine that the animal is a timber wolf, generally known as the gray wolf, it will be the second one killed in Maine in recent years. In 1993, a bear hunter in northwestern Maine shot what tests later identified as a female wolf.
Wildlife biologists plan to conduct tracking surveys this winter to look for more signs of the animals.

Game wardens have also asked hunters to look carefully before shooting anything that appears to be a coyote. ''If our department had suspected there might be wolves in Hancock County,'' Mrs. Palman said, ''we could have done a better job educating hunters and trappers.''

Gray wolves are on the Federal endangered species list in the 48 contiguous states except in Minnesota, where they are listed as threatened. Killing an endangered wolf is punishable by a year in jail and a fine of up to $100,000.

About 75 miles, including farmland and the St. Lawrence River, separate Maine from the nearest wolf packs in the Laurentian Highlands of Quebec, said Craig McLaughlin, a biologist with the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Although icebreakers keep the St. Lawrence open in the winter, it can freeze over at times, which would allow a small group of wolves to cross.

Wolves feed on moose, deer and beavers -- all of which Maine has in abundance, said Daniel Harrison, an associate professor of wildlife economy at the University of Maine in Orono, who has studied both wolves and coyotes.

Private groups are already actively promoting the restoration of the wolf's population. One of them is Defenders of Wildlife, an organization based in Washington that spearheaded the successful campaign to reintroduce gray wolves into Yellowstone National Park, has advocated their reintroduction into New York's Adirondacks and parts of New Hampshire and Maine.

While the program in the West has angered ranchers who fear for their livestock, the idea of bringing wolves back to Maine has been opposed by hunters who do not want more competition for game. Some hunters seem to feel differently about wolves that arrive on their own.

Phil Phillips, a gunsmith at Willy's Gun Shop in Ellsworth, where the wolflike animal was killed, said he had never seen a wolf but would not be surprised to learn that the elusive creatures were here. ''It wouldn't be so bad to have a few around,'' he said. ''It might be kind of neat.''